(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Call-by-need, sharing, and non-determinism *) open Ptypes open ProbM;; let expensive_f x = Printf.printf "expensive function\n"; x (* Non-example: explaining why laziness and non-determinism make for a tricky combination *) (* baseline *) let tests1 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 0); (0.5, 1)] in let x = expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, u+10); (0.5, u+20) ]) in Printf.printf "in the world with u=%d\n" u; if u = 0 then None else Some (x,x,flip 0.5) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify tests1 = [(0.125, V (Some (21, 21, true))); (0.125, V (Some (21, 21, false))); (0.125, V (Some (11, 11, true))); (0.125, V (Some (11, 11, false))); (0.5, V None)]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 times, The function is computed even in the world with u=0, when its value is not needed. that means that for the case u = 0, x has been computed, twice, even if its value is not needed in the final result *) (* Trying to introduce laziness by using thunks *) let tests2 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 0); (0.5, 1)] in let x () = expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, u+10); (0.5, u+20) ]) in Printf.printf "in the world with u=%d\n" u; if u = 0 then None else Some (x (), x (), flip 0.5) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify tests2 = [(0.0625, V (Some (21, 21, true))); (0.0625, V (Some (21, 21, false))); (0.0625, V (Some (21, 11, true))); (0.0625, V (Some (21, 11, false))); (0.0625, V (Some (11, 21, true))); (0.0625, V (Some (11, 21, false))); (0.0625, V (Some (11, 11, true))); (0.0625, V (Some (11, 11, false))); (0.5, V None)]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 12 times, and the resulting distribution is different: two components of a pair are no longer the same. The expensive function is computed only in the world where u=1 though. *) (* Trying to introduce laziness by with Lazy *) let tests3 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 0); (0.5, 1)] in let x = lazy (expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, u+10); (0.5, u+20) ])) in Printf.printf "in the world with u=%d\n" u; if u = 0 then None else Some (Lazy.force x,Lazy.force x,flip 0.5) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify tests3 = [(0.125, V (Some (21, 21, true))); (0.25, V (Some (21, 21, false))); (0.125, V (Some (11, 11, true))); (0.5, V None)]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 2 times, but the result is different: there is no longer a case (21, 21, false) *) let tests4 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 0); (0.5, 1)] in let x = letlazy (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, u+10); (0.5, u+20) ])) in Printf.printf "in the world with u=%d\n" u; if u = 0 then None else Some (x (), x (),flip 0.5) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify tests4 = [(0.125, V (Some (21, 21, true))); (0.125, V (Some (21, 21, false))); (0.125, V (Some (11, 11, true))); (0.125, V (Some (11, 11, false))); (0.5, V None)]);; (* Expensive function is not computed in the world with u=0. The result is the same as in tests1. Alas, the function is still computed 4 times, in the world with u=1, because the world is split by flip 0.5 before the first x () is computed. In Ocaml, arguments are evaluated right-to-left, so flip 0.5 is computed before. We lose a bit in efficiency, but we get the right result for handling infinite data structures though. *) (* Other tests *) let testl1 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)] in let x = expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, 2*u); (0.5, 3*u)]) in dist [ (0.5, (u,u)); (0.5, (x,x))] ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify testl1 = [(0.125, V (6, 6)); (0.125, V (4, 4)); (0.125, V (3, 3)); (0.375, V (2, 2)); (0.25, V (1, 1))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 times *) let testl2 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)] in let x = letlazy (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, 2*u); (0.5, 3*u)])) in dist [ (0.5, (fun () -> (u,u))); (0.5, (fun () -> (x(),x ())))] () ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify testl2 = [(0.125, V (6, 6)); (0.125, V (4, 4)); (0.125, V (3, 3)); (0.375, V (2, 2)); (0.25, V (1, 1))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 times *) let () = assert ( sample_rejection (random_selector 1) 10 testl1 = [(0.1, V (6, 6)); (0.2, V (4, 4)); (0.2, V (3, 3)); (0.4, V (2, 2)); (0.1, V (1, 1))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 10 times *) let () = assert ( sample_rejection (random_selector 1) 10 testl2 = [(0.1, V (6, 6)); (0.1, V (4, 4)); (0.1, V (3, 3)); (0.5, V (2, 2)); (0.2, V (1, 1))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 6 (12, with optimization) times rather than 20 as the naive execution would have had it: out of 10 samples, x was needed only 6 times, and so that many times its binding was evaluated and memoized. *) let testl3 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)] in let x = expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, 10*u); (0.5, 100*u)]) in let v = flip 0.5 in (u,v,x,x) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify testl3 = [(0.125, V (2, true, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, true, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (2, false, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, false, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (1, true, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, true, 10, 10)); (0.125, V (1, false, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, false, 10, 10))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 times *) (* Now we allow the lazy variable to escape the scope of letlazy... *) let testl4 () = let u = dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)] in let x = letlazy (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, 10*u); (0.5, 100*u)])) in let v = flip 0.5 in (u,v,x (),x ()) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify testl4 = [(0.125, V (2, true, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, true, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (2, false, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, false, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (1, true, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, true, 10, 10)); (0.125, V (1, false, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, false, 10, 10))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 (without optimization 8) times *) let x = sample_rejection (random_selector 1) 10 testl3 let () = assert ( sample_rejection (random_selector 1) 10 testl3 = [(0.1, V (2, true, 200, 200)); (0.1, V (2, true, 20, 20)); (0.1, V (2, false, 200, 200)); (0.2, V (2, false, 20, 20)); (0.1, V (1, true, 100, 100)); (0.2, V (1, false, 100, 100)); (0.2, V (1, false, 10, 10))]);; let () = assert ( sample_importance (random_selector 1) 10 testl3 = [(0.125, V (2, true, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, true, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (2, false, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, false, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (1, true, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, true, 10, 10)); (0.125, V (1, false, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, false, 10, 10))]);; let () = assert ( sample_rejection (random_selector 1) 10 testl4 = [(0.2, V (2, true, 200, 200)); (0.1, V (2, true, 20, 20)); (0.1, V (2, false, 200, 200)); (0.1, V (2, false, 20, 20)); (0.2, V (1, true, 100, 100)); (0.2, V (1, false, 100, 100)); (0.1, V (1, false, 10, 10))]);; let () = assert ( sample_importance (random_selector 1) 10 testl4 = [(0.125, V (2, true, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, true, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (2, false, 200, 200)); (0.125, V (2, false, 20, 20)); (0.125, V (1, true, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, true, 10, 10)); (0.125, V (1, false, 100, 100)); (0.125, V (1, false, 10, 10))]);; (* Before using shallow_explore: = [(0.25, V (1, true, 10, 10)); (0.15, V (2, false, 200, 200)); (0.05, V (2, true, 200, 200)); (0.05, V (1, false, 100, 100)); (0.15, V (2, false, 20, 20)); (0.25, V (1, true, 100, 100)); (0.05, V (1, false, 10, 10)); (0.05, V (2, true, 20, 20))]);; *) (* Using several lazy variables. The exact result of testl5 must be the same as that of testl2 *) let testl51 () = let u = letlazy (fun () -> dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)]) in let x = expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, 2*u ()); (0.5, 3*u ())]) in dist [ (0.5, (fun () -> (u(),u()))); (0.5, (fun () -> (x ,x)))] () ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify testl51 = [(0.125, V (6, 6)); (0.125, V (4, 4)); (0.125, V (3, 3)); (0.375, V (2, 2)); (0.25, V (1, 1))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 times *) let testl52 () = let u = letlazy (fun () -> dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)]) in let x = letlazy (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, 2*u ()); (0.5, 3*u ())])) in dist [ (0.5, (u(),u())); (0.5, (x() ,x ()))] ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify testl52 = [(0.125, V (6, 6)); (0.125, V (4, 4)); (0.125, V (3, 3)); (0.375, V (2, 2)); (0.25, V (1, 1))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 times *) let testl53 () = let u = letlazy (fun () -> dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)]) in let x = letlazy (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, 2*u ()); (0.5, 3*u ())])) in dist [ (0.5, (fun () -> (u(),u()))); (0.5, (fun () -> Printf.printf "here\n"; (x() ,x ())))] () ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify testl53 = [(0.125, V (6, 6)); (0.125, V (4, 4)); (0.125, V (3, 3)); (0.375, V (2, 2)); (0.25, V (1, 1))]);; (* `Expensive function' is printed 4 times *) (* More tests of dependent lazy variables *) let testl54 () = let u = letlazy (fun () -> dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)]) in let x = letlazy (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, let u'=u() in fun () ->u'); (0.5, u)] ())) in let c = flip 0.5 in if c then (c, u (), x (), u (), x ()) else (c, x (), u (), x (), u ()) ;; let [(0.25, V (true, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.25, V (true, 1, 1, 1, 1)); (0.25, V (false, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.25, V (false, 1, 1, 1, 1))] = exact_reify testl54;; (* `Expensive function' is printed 8 times *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Better examples: lazy evaluation and non-deterministic data structures * The example of probabilistic context-free grammars *) (* IBAL example from Music TR, Chap 7. That example can produce sentences of unbounded length. *) (* let append(y,z) = if y |= [] then z else y.CAR :: append(y.CDR, z) in let noun() = [ dist [ 0.4 : 'flies, 0.6 : 'ants ] ] in let np() = dist [ 0.7 : noun(), 0.3 : append(noun(), np()) ] in let x = observe 'flies :: _ in np() in x |= _ :: 'ants :: _ IBAL result: ./sample pcfg.ibl 10 Number of samples = 469980 Probability of evidence = 0.4 false : 0.820320 true : 0.179680 Exact result: prob of evidence: 0.7 * 0.4 + 0.3 * 0.4 = 0.4 uncond prob of "ants" as the second word: 0.3 * 0.6 = 0.18 *) type 'a lcons = LNil | LCons of (unit -> 'a) * 'a llist and 'a llist = unit -> 'a lcons ;; let nil = fun () -> LNil;; let cons h t = fun () -> LCons (h,t);; let rec lappend (y : 'a llist) (z : 'a llist) = letlazy (fun () -> match y () with | LNil -> z () | LCons (h,t) -> LCons (h, lappend t z));; let lhead (x : 'a llist) = match x () with LCons (h,_) -> h | LNil -> fail () ;; let ltail (x : 'a llist) = match x () with LCons (_,t) -> t | LNil -> fail () ;; let lreflect x = x ();; (* A simple illustration and test of lazy lists, due to Ken *) let rec list_length_at_most max l = if max <= 0 then 0 else match l () with | LNil -> 0 | LCons (_,thunk) -> 1 + list_length_at_most (pred max) thunk ;; let test_ll_at_most () = let rec count n () = dist [(0.5, LNil); (0.5, LCons ((fun () -> n), letlazy (count (succ n))))] in list_length_at_most 5 (letlazy (count 0)) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify test_ll_at_most = [(0.03125, V 5); (0.03125, V 4); (0.0625, V 3); (0.125, V 2); (0.25, V 1); (0.5, V 0)] );; let pcfg_model () = let noun () = let x = letlazy (fun () -> dist [(0.4, "flies"); (0.6, "ants")]) in LCons (x, nil) in let rec np () = let np = letlazy np in dist [ (0.7, noun); (0.3, lappend noun np)] () in np ();; (* Various warm-up tests *) let pcfg11 () = let np = pcfg_model () in (lreflect (lhead (fun () -> np)), lreflect (lhead (fun () -> np)));; let () = assert ( exact_reify pcfg11 = [(0.399999999999999967, V ("flies", "flies")); (0.6, V ("ants", "ants"))] );; (* Indeed, this is the probability of just flies vs ants, see noun. IBAL gives the same result on this example. *) let pcfg12 () = let np = pcfg_model () in (lreflect (lhead (ltail (fun () -> np))), lreflect (lhead (ltail (fun () -> np))));; let () = assert ( exact_reify pcfg12 = [(0.12, V ("flies", "flies")); (0.18, V ("ants", "ants"))]);; (* Again, 0.12/0.18 = 0.4/0.6, the same split as in noun. The probability is weighted by the factor 0.3 -- which is the probability of the list to have at least two elements. If the last line is x |= _ :: 'ants :: _ IBAL gives: Number of samples = 701011 Probability of evidence = 1 false : 0.819195 true : 0.180805 IBAL gives the probability of evidence is 1, which is strange. But this is because if the pattern does not match in IBAL, the result is FALSE rather than failure. So, the case of 1-element list is merged with the case of two+ element-list whose second element is not 'ants. To reproduce our code, we should write let x = observe _ :: _ :: _ in np() in x |= _ :: 'ants :: _ Then the result is Number of samples = 600786 Probability of evidence = 0.300914 false : 0.401416 true : 0.598584 in agreement with ours. *) let () = assert ( sample_importance (random_selector 1) 100 pcfg12 = [(0.12, V ("flies", "flies")); (0.18, V ("ants", "ants"))]);; (* reify: done; 2 accepted 0 rejected 0 left sample_reify: done 100 worlds *) let pcfg13 () = (* a simpler example *) let np = pcfg_model () in (lreflect (lhead (ltail (fun () -> np))), lreflect (lhead (ltail (fun () -> np))), lreflect (lhead (fun () -> np)), lreflect (lhead (fun () -> np)));; let () = assert ( exact_reify pcfg13 = [(0.048, V ("flies", "flies", "flies", "flies")); (0.0720000000000000084, V ("flies", "flies", "ants", "ants")); (0.072, V ("ants", "ants", "flies", "flies")); (0.108, V ("ants", "ants", "ants", "ants"))]);; (* Memoization seems to be working. Now we try the full example. *) let pcfg () = let x = observe (fun x -> lreflect (lhead (fun () -> x)) = "flies") pcfg_model in (lreflect (lhead (fun () -> x)), lreflect (lhead (ltail (fun () -> x)))) ;; let () = assert ( exact_reify pcfg = [(0.048, V ("flies", "flies")); (0.072, V ("flies", "ants"))]);; (* Notice that IBAL gives the same result: 0.4 *. 0.18 = 0.072. IBAL gives the rejection probability 0.4 whereas we give 0.048 + 0.072 = 0.12. The factor 0.3 is because our test (lhead (ltail (fun () -> x))) reports failure when the list has only one element, whereas IBAL takes it as mere FALSE. The exploration/reification/memoization gives quite a more precise result, by exploring only 9 worlds *) (* The following is essentially the exact solution *) let () = assert ( sample_importance (random_selector 1) 100 pcfg = [(0.0480000000000000357, V ("flies", "flies")); (0.0720000000000000501, V ("flies", "ants"))]);; (* without shallow_explore 3: = [(0.0544000000000000386, V ("flies", "flies")); (0.0816000000000000614, V ("flies", "ants"))]);; *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Example illustrating laziness and memoization, and motivating lazy * data structures. The example has the flavor of the IBAL music example: * computing a data structure (a list) and comparing the result * with the observed value. The mis-match in one field means the disagreement * with the experiment; the other fields don't need to be computed at all. * We also demonstrate that memoization of a search tree is not always * beneficial (and iin any case, memoization of the search tree * is different from lazy data strcutures). *) (* The running example: uniform distribution of n-digit numbers. Each number is represented as a sequence of digits. We first use ordinary lists. Our observation: a number with all ones. See the corresponding example in probM.hs *) let rec full_10tree = function | 1 -> [uniform 10] | n -> let x = uniform 10 in let xs = full_10tree (pred n) in x::xs ;; let rec ones n l = match (n,l) with | (0,[]) -> true | (n,(1::r)) -> ones (pred n) r | _ -> false ;; let full_10tree_obs n () = if ones n (full_10tree n) then () else fail () ;; let [(0.12, V ())] = sample_rejection (random_selector 17) 100 (full_10tree_obs 1);; (* The following finished within a minute, and seem to run with constant memory; the total OCaml heap was 5MB. In constrast, the corresponding Haskell code required 1.1GB, more then 5 minutes, and still didn't finish. sample_reify 17 20000 (full_10tree_obs 10);; - : unit pV = [] *) (* The instrumented version showing that the whole list is being built first, and only then compared againts the observation. *) let rec full_10tree = function | 1 -> Printf.printf "Building a leaf\n"; [uniform 10] | n -> Printf.printf "Building a node at level %d\n" n; let x = uniform 10 in let xs = full_10tree (pred n) in x::xs ;; let full_10tree_obs n () = let t = full_10tree n in Printf.printf "Evaluating tree\n"; if ones n t then () else fail () ;; (* sample_rejection (random_selector 17) 20 (full_10tree_obs 4);; shows that we alsways build the whole list before evaluating it against the experiment. *) (* The output of the following sample_importance (random_selector 17) 20 (full_10tree_obs 4);; demonstrates the look-ahead beam and `bundling' of the evaluation decisions. Still, the probability is too low to be detected by either sampling. 20 samples is too few to estimate probability for 10^(-4) *) (* Now we build a lazy list *) let rec full_10ltree = function | 1 -> Printf.printf "Building a leaf\n"; let x = letlazy (fun () -> uniform 10) in LCons (x, fun () -> LNil) | n -> Printf.printf "Building a node at level %d\n" n; let x = letlazy (fun () -> uniform 10) in let xs = letlazy (fun () -> full_10ltree (pred n)) in LCons (x, xs) ;; let rec lones n l = match (n,l ()) with | (0,LNil) -> true | (n,LCons (h,t)) -> h () = 1 && lones (pred n) t ;; let full_10ltree_obs n () = let t = full_10ltree n in Printf.printf "Evaluating tree\n"; if lones n (fun () -> t) then lhead (fun () -> t) () else fail () ;; (* sample_rejection (random_selector 17) 20 (full_10ltree_obs 4);; Building a node at level 4 Evaluating tree Building a node at level 3 Building a node at level 3 Building a node at level 3 Building a node at level 3 Building a node at level 3 rejection_sample: done 20 worlds This shows that the full list has never been constructed: we fail already at checking the first element of the list *) let [(0.000100000000000000032, V 1)] = sample_importance (random_selector 17) 1 (full_10ltree_obs 4);; (* Now, we arrive at the exact probability by sampling only 1 worlds *) (* A simplification of the example above, from digits to bools *) let rec flips p = function | 0 -> [] | n -> let x = flip p in let xs = flips p (n - 1) in x :: xs let rec trues n xs = match (n, xs) with | (0, []) -> true | (n, (x::xs)) -> x && trues (n - 1) xs let [] = sample_importance (random_selector 17) 2000 (fun () -> if trues 20 (flips 0.5 20) then () else fail ());; let rec flips p = function | 0 -> LNil | n -> let x = letlazy (fun () -> flip p) in let xs = letlazy (fun () -> flips p (n - 1)) in LCons (x, xs) let rec trues n xs = match (n, xs) with | (0, LNil) -> true | (n, LCons (x,xs)) -> x () && trues (n - 1) (xs ()) ;; let () = let [(p, V ())] = sample_importance (random_selector 17) 1 (fun () -> if trues 20 (flips 0.5 20) then () else fail ()) in assert (p = 1. /. 2. ** 20.);; let [(p, V true)] = sample_importance (random_selector 17) 1 (fun () -> let ts = flips 0.5 20 in if trues 20 ts then lhead (fun () -> ts) () else fail ()) in assert (p = 1. /. 2. ** 20.);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Memoization of stochastic functions *) let test1m () = let f x = dist [ (0.5,x); (0.5, x+1) ] in let c = flip 0.5 in if c then (c, f 1, f 1, f 2, f 2) else (c, f 2, f 2, f 1, f 1) ;; (* Without memoization, two applications of f 1 can give two different results, even in the same world. *) let [(0.03125, V (true, 2, 2, 3, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 2, 2, 3, 2)); (0.03125, V (true, 2, 2, 2, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (true, 2, 1, 3, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 2, 1, 3, 2)); (0.03125, V (true, 2, 1, 2, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 2, 1, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 2, 3, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 2, 3, 2)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 2, 2, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 2, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 1, 3, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 1, 3, 2)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 1, 2, 3)); (0.03125, V (true, 1, 1, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 3, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 3, 2, 1)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 3, 1, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 3, 1, 1)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 2, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 2, 2, 1)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 2, 1, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 3, 2, 1, 1)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 3, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 3, 2, 1)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 3, 1, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 3, 1, 1)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 2, 2, 1)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 2, 1, 2)); (0.03125, V (false, 2, 2, 1, 1))] = exact_reify test1m;; let test2m () = let f' x = dist [ (0.5, x); (0.5, x+1) ] in let f = memo f' in let c = flip 0.5 in if c then (c, f 1, f 1, f 2, f 2) else (c, f 2, f 2, f 1, f 1) ;; (* With memoization, f 1 always gives the same result, in the same world. *) let [(0.125, V (true, 2, 2, 3, 3)); (0.125, V (true, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.125, V (true, 1, 1, 3, 3)); (0.125, V (true, 1, 1, 2, 2)); (0.125, V (false, 3, 3, 2, 2)); (0.125, V (false, 3, 3, 1, 1)); (0.125, V (false, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.125, V (false, 2, 2, 1, 1))] = exact_reify test2m;; (* nested memoization *) let test3m () = let f' x = dist [ (0.5,x); (0.5, x+1) ] in let f = memo f' in let g = memo (fun x -> dist [ (0.5, let u = f x in fun () -> u); (0.5, fun () -> f x) ] ()) in let c = flip 0.5 in if c then (c, f 1, g 1, f 1, g 1) else (c, g 1, f 1, g 1, f 1) ;; let [(0.25, V (true, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.25, V (true, 1, 1, 1, 1)); (0.25, V (false, 2, 2, 2, 2)); (0.25, V (false, 1, 1, 1, 1))] = exact_reify test3m;; (* The famous sprinkle example: given that the grass is wet on a given day, did it rain (or did the sprinkler come on)? *) let rain_str = 0.9 and rain_prior = 0.3 and sprinkler_str = 0.8 and sprinkler_prior = 0.5 and grass_baserate = 0.1 ;; let rain day = flip rain_prior;; let sprinkler day = flip sprinkler_prior;; let noisy_or a astrength b bstrength baserate = (flip astrength && a ()) || (flip bstrength && b ()) || flip baserate;; let grass_model0 () = let rain = memo rain and sprinkler = memo sprinkler in let grass_is_wet = memo (fun day -> noisy_or (fun () -> rain day) rain_str (fun () -> sprinkler day) sprinkler_str grass_baserate) in grass_is_wet 2 = grass_is_wet 2 ;; let [(1., V true)] = exact_reify grass_model0;; (* 11 worlds are examined *) let grass_model1 () = let rain = memo rain and sprinkler = memo sprinkler in let grass_is_wet = memo (fun day -> noisy_or (fun () -> rain day) rain_str (fun () -> sprinkler day) sprinkler_str grass_baserate) in observe (fun _ -> grass_is_wet 2) (fun () -> rain 2) ;; let [(0.2838, V true); (0.322, V false)] = exact_reify grass_model1;; (* reify: done; 10 accepted 6 rejected 0 left *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Lazy vs. delayed evaluation * * Lazy evaluation means that an expression whose result is not used * is not evaluated. That strategy is only sound if the left unevaluated * expression could not have failed, that is, it is either deterministic * or its cumulative probability is 1.0. If an expression may fail, * we have to evaluate it anyway, to properly account for its weight * in the final probability of evidence. * * Thus lazy evaluation is a semi-unsound optimization. * Lazy evaluation is sound if `observe' (which may fail) appears only * at the end of the program and no intermediate computations include * `observe'. Lazy evaluation is sound if we are only interested in * the ratios of final probabilities rather than their absolute values, * and we don't care of the exact probability of evidence. * On all other occassions, we should use delayed evaluation. *) let testd1 () = let u = letlazy (fun () -> dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)]) in let x = letlazy (fun () -> observe (fun u -> u = 1) (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, let u' = u() in fun () ->u'); (0.5, u)] ()))) in dist [ (0.5, fun () -> (u(),u())); (0.5, fun () -> Printf.printf "here\n"; (x() ,x ()))] () ;; let [(0.25, V (2, 2)); (0.5, V (1, 1))] = exact_reify testd1;; (* Expensive function is printed 4 times; reify: done; 4 accepted 2 rejected 0 left *) (* The corresponding IBAL code: 1st attempt: let u () = dist [ 0.5: 1, 0.5: 2 ] in let x () = observe 1 in dist [ 0.5: u(), 0.5: u() ] in dist [ 0.5: u(), 0.5: x() ] ./sample delayed.ibl 5 Number of samples = 1152717 Probability of evidence = 0.750322 1 : 0.666417 2 : 0.333583 One can say that IBAL is lazy, and so the IBAL translation should look as follows: let u = dist [ 0.5: 1, 0.5: 2 ] in let x = observe 1 in dist [ 0.5: u, 0.5: u ] in dist [ 0.5: u, 0.5: x ] Number of samples = 936188 Probability of evidence = 0.749521 1 : 0.666906 2 : 0.333094 That doesn't seem to affect the results though... OK, we are in agreement so far. *) (* Now, the results are going to be different. *) let testd2 () = let u = letlazy (fun () -> dist [(0.5, 1); (0.5, 2)]) in let x = letlazy (fun () -> observe (fun u -> u = 1) (fun () -> expensive_f (dist [ (0.5, let u' = u() in fun () ->u'); (0.5, u)] ()))) in let z = (u,x) in fst z () ;; let [(0.5, V 2); (0.5, V 1)] = exact_reify testd2;; (* We have built a data structure that includes unevaluated computation, x. We then checked for some other field. So, the result of x () was not needed, and so it has not been evaluated. Therefore, the failure in it has not been apparent. The corresponding IBAL code: let u () = dist [ 0.5: 1, 0.5: 2 ] in let x () = observe 1 in dist [ 0.5: u(), 0.5: u() ] in let z = [u (), x ()] in z.CAR Probability of evidence = 1 1 : 0.500875 2 : 0.499125 Hmm, it is again in agreement with us.. And even if we re-write this as: let u = dist [ 0.5: 1, 0.5: 2 ] in let x = observe 1 in dist [ 0.5: u, 0.5: u ] in let z = [u, x] in z.CAR Number of samples = 748655 Probability of evidence = 1 1 : 0.500113 2 : 0.499887 That seems to be a problem with the version of IBAL we are using. Ken observed that let x = observe 1 in 2 in 3 should not have any samples, and the public (exact inference) IBAL agrees with him (the syntax is "let one = 1 in observe one = 2 in 3"), but the new, sampling IBAL says Number of samples = 802545 Probability of evidence = 1 3 : 1.000000 *)